Are the Old Testament's messianic-era prophecies fulfilled in the church? Yes! Are these same prophecies fulfilled in Israel? Yes! The church does not completely "replace" Israel. How can this be? Because Israel fulfills these prophecies literally, and the church fulfills them spiritually (figuratively). Throughout her long history, the church has generally assumed that these prophecies describe the final, immortal, blessed ("saved") state, and thus can only be spiritually fulfilled in the church. But as Kindness Towards Israel will show, there is no clear mention in these prophecies of eternal life, and so, they rightly should find literal fulfillment in an earthly and temporal Israel that is separate from the church. Yet, based on New Testament teaching and what the Old Testament allows, these prophecies should also find spiritual fulfillment in a heavenly, eternal church that is separate from Israel, yet consists of both Jews and Gentiles. God will fulfill his promises made to the Jews as well as his promises made to the church, in which "there is neither Jew nor Greek...for [they] are all one in Christ Jesus"(Galatians 3:28).

About the author: Dr. Eric Engleman was a pilot in the US Navy and later American Airlines before earning theology degrees from Talbot Seminary (Th.M.) and the University of Vienna (D. Theol.). He now lives in Southern California, where he writes and serves his local church (Temple Baptist, Hesperia, CA) as the associate pastor.

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