Dr. Kendra McLaughlin, an assistant professor at UNLV, discusses her research on neuroinflammation and microglia, immune cells in the brain. She explains how microglia, which can protect neurons, can also become overactive and harmful under chronic stress or disease, contributing to neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Dr. McLaughlin highlights the importance of early detection through biomarkers and innovative therapies, such as TSPO modulators and cannabinoid-based treatments targeting CB2 receptors. She emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary approaches, including engineering models, to better understand and manage neuroinflammation, aiming for personalized medicine and early intervention to mitigate brain damage.

The discussion on "The Chemical Collective" focused on Salvia divinorum, a plant from the mint family used by the Mazatec people in Mexico for spiritual and healing purposes. Unlike traditional psychedelics, Salvia activates the Kappa opioid receptor, leading to dissociative and sometimes dysphoric effects. Its active ingredient, salvinorin A, is highly potent and causes rapid, intense experiences lasting 5-15 minutes when smoked, or up to an hour when chewed. Despite its physical safety, Salvia's intense psychological effects can be overwhelming and potentially dangerous. The conversation also touched on its potential therapeutic uses, legal status, and the importance of integration after use to process the experience.

The discussion on Adderall, a central nervous system stimulant, delved into its classification, mechanisms, and uses. Adderall, an amphetamine, increases dopamine and norepinephrine levels, enhancing focus and attention in individuals with ADHD. Its history dates back to 1887, with significant use in the 1960s for weight loss and since the 1990s for ADHD. Misuse is prevalent, particularly among college students, with up to 30% using it non-medically. Adderall's scheduling as a Schedule II controlled substance reflects its high abuse liability. Long-term effects include neuroplasticity and potential risks for children. The conversation also touched on its off-target effects, such as insomnia and loss of appetite.

Dr. Rochelle Hines, an NIH-funded principal investigator at UNLV, discusses her journey into neuroscience, focusing on neurotransmitter systems and their roles in brain disorders. She highlights the importance of GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, in brain development and its role in disorders like schizophrenia. Hines also explores the interplay between serotonin and GABA, particularly in the context of psychedelics and their therapeutic potential. She emphasizes the need for modulatory therapies over binary on/off approaches, citing her work with synthetic cannabidiol enantiomers and the founding of Tesla Therapeutics. Hines stresses the importance of personalized medicine and the need for better biomarkers in mental health treatments.

The Chemical Collective discusses Ibogaine, a psychoactive and therapeutic substance derived from the Tabernanthe Iboga plant, primarily used in Central Africa for spiritual and healing purposes. Ibogaine's effects include reducing addiction cravings and withdrawal symptoms, potentially due to its interaction with serotonin, NMDA, dopamine, and opioid receptors. It's typically administered in a controlled clinical setting, often as Ibogaine hydrochloride, to ensure safety. Traditional Bwiti rituals involve consuming the root bark, which can lead to profound spiritual experiences. Despite its potential benefits, Ibogaine's use is associated with cardiovascular risks and requires careful monitoring.