Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by uncontrollable movements, stiffness, and cognitive decline. Curious? Come learn more!

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Citations and relevant papers are below.
National Institute on Aging. Parkinson’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments. National Institute on Aging.

Hogg E, Frank S, Oft J, Benway B, Rashid MH, Lahiri S. Urinary Tract Infection in Parkinson’s Disease. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. 2022;12(3):743-757.

‌Yu J. Stages of Parkinson’s | Parkinson’s Foundation. www.parkinson.org. Published 2022.

‌Zhang ZX, Dong ZH, Román GC. Early Descriptions of Parkinson Disease in Ancient China. Archives of Neurology. 2006;63(5):782.

‌2-Minute Neuroscience: Direct Pathway of the Basal Ganglia. www.youtube.com.

2-Minute Neuroscience: Indirect Pathway of the Basal Ganglia. www.youtube.com.

‌Thanvi B, Lo N, Robinson T. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease: clinical features, pathogenesis, prevention and treatment. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2007;83(980):384-388.

Zhang JF, Wang XX, Feng Y, Fekete R, Jankovic J, Wu YC. Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2021;12.

Hisahara S, Shimohama S. Dopamine Receptors and Parkinson’s Disease. International Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2011;2011:1-16.

Houston. Tmc.edu. Published October 20, 2020. https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s3/chapter04.html

‌Ovallath S, Sulthana B. Levodopa: History and Therapeutic Applications. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 2017;20(3):185-189.

‌Levodopa | Parkinson’s Foundation. www.parkinson.org. https://www.parkinson.org/living-with-parkinsons/treatment/prescription-medications/levodopa

‌Kelly MJ, Baig F, Hu MTM, Okai D. Spectrum of impulse control behaviours in Parkinson’s disease: pathophysiology and management. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2020;91(7):703-711.

‌Gerfen CR, Surmeier DJ. Modulation of Striatal Projection Systems by Dopamine. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 2011;34(1):441-466.

‌Sayare S. The Woman Who Could Smell Parkinson’s. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/14/magazine/parkinsons-smell-disease-detection.html. Published June 14, 2024.

‌Blandini F, Nappi G, Tassorelli C, Martignoni E. Functional changes of the basal ganglia circuitry in Parkinson’s disease. Progress in Neurobiology. 2000;62(1):63-88.

‌Lanciego JL, Luquin N, Obeso JA. Functional Neuroanatomy of the Basal Ganglia. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2012;2(12):a009621-a009621.

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