When a Christmas carol is also a folk ballad you know it's not going to be the usual angels/shepherds/kings extravaganza. This one doesn't disappoint, with a lovely garden, a jealous Joseph and a fruit-related miracle.

But, as ever, all is not as it seems. Continuing the theme of weird Christianity from last month's episode, we get to explore medieval mystery plays and alternative gospels, and in 5th Century Syria we discover a scholarly and forthright Mary who doesn't need an angel to fight her battles for her.

Have a wonderful Christmas!

Music
Verse from Jean Richie’s recording of The Cherry Tree Carol, Kentucky 

The Cherry Tree Carol, collected by Maud Karpeles and Patrick Shuldham-Shaw from John Partridge of Cinderford, Gloucestershire (Verse 1) 

Verse from a Jean Richie version, Kentucky, recorded by Joan Baez 

Instrumental: Version arranged by D Gilbert and W Sandys (19th Century) 

Benedicamus Domino (Plainsong, anon) 

The Cherry Tree Carol, version sung by Shirley Collins, 1959 

Orthodox Chant and Ney (flute) from FreeSounds 

References

Royston, Pamela L (1982) "The Cherry-Tree Carol": Its sources and analogues https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/1762/15(1)%201-16.pdf?sequence=1 

https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/post-biblical-period/the-origins-of-the-cherry-tree-carol/ 

https://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/text/sugano-n-town-plays-banns-proclamation 

https://www.academia.edu/29076122/The_Origins_of_The_Cherry_Tree_Carol_How_a_Christmas_carol_links_the_modern_Middle_East_and_medieval_England 

https://dokumen.pub/mary-and-joseph-and-other-dialogue-poems-on-mary-9781593338398-2011007425-1593338392.html 

https://mainlynorfolk.info/lloyd/songs/thecherrytreecarol.html 

https://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Hymns_and_Carols/Notes_On_Carols/cherry_tree_carol-notes.htm 

https://balladindex.org/Ballads/C054.html

This unusual song was a feature of the 60s and 70s folk revival - a real show stopper and something of a curiosity. But underneath it lies a thousand years of European folklore, and a further thousand years of vivid theology.

So, my friends, we're going on a metaphysical journey to the underworld. Have you been charitable in your life? Did you give a cow to the poor, or 'hosen and shoon' to a beggar? Did you judge rightly? Have you been moving your neighbours' boundary stones? Better take stock, because the journey is long and dangerous.

We're going over the thorny moor and the high Gjallarbrui; we're glimpsing heaven and hell and as for the final judgement, we've got a ringside seat. There are angels and ghosts and, surprisingly, gossip.

This is a song that has to be experienced rather than studied, so follow me. We're going to have a weird time.

Music

L’Homme Arme, 15th Century song by Johannes Regis

Sainte Nicholas, 12th Century song by Godric of Finchale

Marglit og Targjei Risvollo, traditional Norwegian song

Draumkvedet, traditional Norwegian ballad

Chiamando, un’astorella, 14th Century Italian song

Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence is based on the Cherubic Hymn in the Orthodox Christian tradition and dates back to least 275 AD. The English translation from Greek was made by Gerard Moultie and set to a traditional French tune, Picardy.

The Lyke Wake Dirge (traditional version)

The Lyke Wake Dirge, tune by Harold Boulton, arranged by Malcolm Lawson

The Lyke Wake Dirge, set to the 14th Century song Ad Mortem Festinamus

References

Mainly Norfolk: The Lyke Wake Dirge (Roud 8194; TYG 85) (mainlynorfolk.info)

Draumkvedet in translation: https://lyricstranslate.com/en/draumkvedet-dream-poem.html

Harald Foss - Draumkvedet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8k7ne8YMIIs

Gardiner, E. (2021). Visions of Heaven and Hell: A Monastic Literature. The Downside Review, 139(1), 24-43. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0012580621997061#body-ref-fn107-0012580621997061 

Isaacson, Lanae H. “‘Draumkvædet:’ The Structural Study of an Oral Variant.” Jahrbuch Für Volksliedforschung, vol. 25, 1980, pp. 51–66. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/849056. Accessed 31 Oct. 2023

Carlsen, C (2012) Old Norse Visions of the Afterlife (PhD Thesis, University of Oxford) https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9b3b8518-912e-4425-8748-dea135e695d0/download_file?file_format=application%2Fpdf&safe_filename=THESIS02&type_of_work=Thesis

John Aubrey’s Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme https://archive.org/details/remainesgentili01aubrgoog

Dante’s Divine Comedy: https://www.owleyes.org/text/dantes-inferno/read/canto-13 

The Lyke-Wake Dirge: the revival of an Elizabethan song of the afterlife

https://earlymusicmuse.com/lyke-wake-dirge/

Hurdy Gurdy sample, battle sounds, stormy ambience and various owls from FreeSound

The sheep are all sheared and we’re dancing and drinking in the warm June sun. We’re transported back to simpler and more innocent times with more than a whiff of nostalgia for the loss of our connection to the land. 

And yet nothing is ever quite as straightforward as it seems, and this song is no exception. While delving into its theatrical past I once again get into that most thorny of issues – what is a folk song, and what should we do with them today?

But mostly I have lots of fun singing about sheep.

Music

Instrumental version was collected by John Broadwood in c.1843

The original stage version, The Sheepsheering Song: https://www.vwml.org/search?view=search&q=rn812

Sheep-shearing song, collected by the Hammond brothers: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4434118 

Cecil Sharp – Folk Songs from Somerset: https://archive.org/details/FolkSongsFromSomerset/page/n3/mode/2up (my version takes a few liberties)

The Horses Go Fast: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4434118?read-now=1&seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents 

References

Mainly Norfolk on The Sheep Shearing Song: https://mainlynorfolk.info/steeleye.span/songs/thesheepshearingsong.html 

Eric Saylor: Folksong revival in the early 20th Century https://www.bl.uk/20th-century-music/articles/folksong-revival-in-the-early-20th-century 

https://www.efdss.org/learning/resources/beginners-guides/35-english-folk-collectors/2446-efdss-cecil-sharp 

Shudofsky, M. M. (1943). Charles Johnson and Eighteenth-Century Drama. ELH, 10(2), 131–158. https://doi.org/10.2307/2871662

 John Francmanis (2002) National Music to National Redeemer: The Consolidation of a 'Folk-Song' Construct in Edwardian England. Popular Music 21 (1) 1-25

As always, I’m grateful to the contributions of those who have posted on Mudcat over the years.

It's the first of May and we have a May Mini episode about the song Staines Morris, also known as the Maypole Dance. But did you know it started life in a puritan era farce? It was a joy to find out more about one of my favourite songs, and I hope you'll like it as much as I do.

Thanks as always go to Mudcat Cafe and Mainly Norfolk websites without which I hardly know where I would start my research, and to Stones Barn who gave me the confidence to sing again.

Other references:

Stanes Morris in Playford (including the dance moves): https://playforddances.com/dances/stanes-morris/

Acteon and Diana full text: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A34847.0001.001/1:6?rgn=div1;view=fulltext

Popular Music of the Olden Time by William Chappell: https://archive.org/details/popularmusicofol01chapuoft/page/126/mode/2up 

A chance meeting in a meadow, a false young man and a philosophical ending… it’s that folk favourite the Banks of the Sweet Primroses, beloved of collectors and Broadside publishers alike. In fact it’s part of the history of so many folk song collectors that we’ve taken the opportunity to follow one of them on their collecting expedition.

But what really happened in that meadow and why did the young man get such a dressing down? We’ve got all the theories and a few of our own, and even a potential Civil War origin for the song itself. And while we’re out walking in the morning fields there’s a perfect opportunity for some gratuitous medieval weirdness.

Oh yes, we’re back!

Music

The Banks of the Sweet Primroses (instrumental) was collected from W. Buckland of Buckinghamshire in 1943 by Francis Collinson and is found in the New Penguin Book of English Folk Song.

The Banks of the Sweet Primeroses (sung, first verse only) was collected and arranged by Cecil Sharp. It appears in Cyril Winn, A Selection of Some Less Known Folk-Songs vol.2 pp.64-65

Adieu Sweet Lovely Nancy was sung for me by Phil Beer at Shrewsbury Folk Festival 2022.

Maids Looke Well About You can be found here. The tune used is Cold and Raw

Medicines To Cure The Deadly Sins can be found here. The tune used is The Agincourt Carol.

The extract of Peggy Gordon sung by Isobel Anderson has been used with her permission. You can find her albums on bandcamp and they’re highly recommended https://isobelanderson.bandcamp.com/ 

References

The Hammond Brothers:
https://www.williambarnessociety.org.uk/the-hammond-brothers/


https://www.efdss.org/learning/resources/beginners-guides/35-english-folk-collectors/2441-efdss-henry-and-robert-hammond 

Folk Songs from Dorset: https://archive.org/details/folksongsfromdor00hamm 

Purslow, Frank (1968) The Hammond Brothers’ Folk Song Collection. Folk Music Journal 1(4) 236-266

Marina Russell on Tradfolk: https://tradfolk.co/tradfolk-101/female-source-singers/ 

Vaughan Williams' collection of the song:

http://blackmorehistory.blogspot.com/2008/08/vaughan-williams-and-essex.html 

http://www.patrickcomerford.com/2015/03/through-lent-with-vaughan-williams-32.html 

https://carolinedavison.substack.com/p/vaughan-williamss-journey-into-folk-9de

An early broadside version of the Sweet Primroses from the Bodleian Library: http://ballads.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/static/images/sheets/10000/06733.gif

The definition of a broken token ballad was written by Chat GTP after some training, and read by Steven Shaw.

The Wexford Carol - also known as the Enniscorthy Carol - is said to be one of Europe's most ancient Christmas songs, but the truth is even more interesting. In this festive episode I take a look at the singing traditions that produced this lovely song, and put out a little theory of my own.

Thank you for following the podcast during 2022, I'll keep making episodes while people keep listening.

Have a wonderful Christmas!

Music
Wexford Carol (instrumental)
All You Who Are To Mirth Inclined (recorder consort)
Carol for St Sylvester - W. Devereaux
O Viridissima Virga (extract) - Hildegard von Bingen
The Wexford Carol


References
The video that started it all off - Aileen Lambert sings The Enniscorthy (Wexford)  Carol in St Aiden's Cathedral, Enniscorthy: https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=440082454271246

Oldest version of The Sinners Redemption, from the Roxburghe Collection c. 1634 https://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/30252/image 

Details of the Sheffield Carols tradition from Tradfolk: https://tradfolk.co/customs/customs-customs/sheffield-carols/ 

List of the Kilmore Carols with original source books: https://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Hymns_and_Carols/Images/Wadding_Devereux/christmas_carols_of_waddinge_and.htm 

Copy of “A Pious Garland” http://snap.waterfordcoco.ie/collections/ebooks/177052/177052.pdf

Facsimile of “A Garland of Old Castleton Christmas Carols” https://recordoffice.wordpress.com/2015/12/06/advent-calendar-day-6/ 

You don't find many traditional songs where the woman becomes pregnant out of wedlock and yet it all turns our wonderfully. But then Willy O' Winsbury is not your run of the mill folk song. King’s daughter Janet knew what she wanted… and it seems that her father wanted it too. Once he’d established that Willy wasn’t too foreign that is. He especially noticed his blond hair and milky white skin… oh dear.

As well as picking up on some of these themes, the episode looks at the twists and turns of this song’s journey over time and the real events that may (or may not) have prompted it. There’s also a review of medieval virginity tests and musings on why a light scorching of the nether regions might actually be a good outcome, all things considered. 

Music

L’Homme Armé (Anon) Medieval popular song

De moi doleros vos chant (Gillebert de Berneville) 13th Century song

Lord Thomas of Winesberrie (Kinloch – Ancient Scottish Ballads – see below)

Instrumental: Fair Margaret and Sweet William (ballad from the Percy/Parsons correspondence) 1770s – though the tune may be more recent

Johnny Barbary (tune from Bertrand Harris Bronson – see below)

Fause Foodrage 

Willie O’Winsbury

References

Mainly Norfolk have an excellent overview of the song and its recorded versions: https://mainlynorfolk.info/anne.briggs/songs/willieowinsbury.html 

Kinloch, George Richie (1827) Ancient Scottish Ballads: https://archive.org/details/ancientscottishb00kin/page/90/mode/2up 

Karpeles, Maud (1934) Folk Songs From Newfoundland

Fresno State University’s Traditional Ballad Index:  https://www.fresnostate.edu/folklore/ballads/C100.html

Child, Francis James (between 1882-98) The English and Scottish Popular Ballads v2 (Child 100) https://archive.org/details/englishscottishp21chilrich/mode/2up 

Bronson B H (1976) The Singing Tradition of Child’s Popular Ballads https://archive.org/details/singingtradition0000bron/page/n5/mode/2up 

Bronson B H (1959) The Traditional Tunes of the Child Ballads

http://aalt.law.uh.edu/AALT7/CP25(1)/CP25_1_194_8-10/IMG_0334.htm A legal document relating to the lease of property by Thomas, son of William de Winsbury

Cartwright, Jane (2003) Virginity and Chastity Tests in Medieval Welsh Prose in Bernau A, Evans R and Salih S (2003) Medieval Virginities University of Toronto Press.

Many of us know The Keeper as a slightly odd - but fun - song from our school days. All together now:

JACKIE BOY!

MASTER!

No need to shout! reprimands a weary teacher.

But away from the sanitised and bowdlerised versions of our childhoods lurks a dark song of sexual pursuit. You didn’t really think all those does were female deer, did you?

We talk about Camus, the band Andrew has been a part of for four decades, and explore its influences from the Northumbrian, Shetland and Irish traditions. The band’s version of The Keeper combines different versions and makes some deliberate choices. They often run a competition for keen-eared listeners at their gigs, and if you listen to this episode you will get the answer, and if you then go to one of their gigs you’ll win a free CD!

As we talk about this traditional song and its themes, we also chat about the time that Andrew asked Martin Carthy about guitar tunings in a folk club toilet, and a rare sighting of Steve Roud at St Neots' folk club (but did he join in with the chorus?)

Andrew is a Northumbrian piper and we chat about the way that the lockdown brought together the national and international Northumbrian piping community, creating such a surge of competition entries that the queen of Northumbrian pipes Kathryn Tickell herself had to get involved.

If you’ve ever wondered how this podcast got started, stay tuned because all is revealed! This leads to a chat about children’s songs on which Andrew – or Professor Burn as he’s also known – is an expert. Will you, like me, suddenly remember those childhood skipping songs? And, in a world of wonderful diversity, what new songs from around the world can we hear in today’s playgrounds? 

Music

The Keeper (trad) performed live by Camus at the Ely Folk Club. You can see a video of this recording here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9uB0EVItk8w

Roaring Boys (Brian Cleary) performed by Camus. You can see a video of this recording here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOxoCBwxaUQ

Equinox Hornpipe (Andrew Burn) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Optcf45MD_Q 

There are also excerpts from two sets of tunes from Camus’ 2021 EP Time and Again:

• Da Day Dawn (trad), Christmas Day I’ da Morning (trad), Da Alamoutie (trad). Three traditional Shetland tunes. 
• Three Day Week/Alan Burn’s Memorial Jig (Andrew Burn). 

Time and Again can be found on various streaming services, please visit the band’s website for all the links, and there's a preview of the forthcoming album here.

Other links

The Mudcat thread that Andrew references, featuring Malcolm Douglas, can be found here.  

The Opie archive can be found here.  

You can find out more about Professor Andrew Burn’s research interests here.