Description

In this episode of Hot Takes on the Classics, Tim McIntosh and Emily Maeda explore St. Augustine’s monumental work, City of God. Written in response to the Visigoth sack of Rome in 410 AD, this profound text examines the relationship between the City of Man and the City of God, offering reflections on war, virtue, and the Christian response to suffering. Emily’s hot take reframes Augustine as an early advocate for justice and equality, sparking a lively discussion about his enduring influence on Western thought.

Show Guide

00:00 Opening Quote from City of God and Episode Introduction

01:09 The Sack of Rome and Its Historical Significance

03:42 Augustine’s Views on Actors and Civic Virtue

06:35 Who Was Augustine? A Biographical Overview

10:23 Augustine’s Intellectual Journey: From Manichaeism to Christianity

13:20 The Scope of City of God: Theology, Philosophy, and Just War Theory

18:08 Augustine’s Response to Pagan Critics and Christian Doubters

22:10 The End of Honor Culture: Augustine on Women and Purity

28:12 The Rape of the Sabine Women and the Foundations of Roman Violence

31:29 The City of Man vs. the City of God: Augustine’s Vision

33:30 Emily’s Hot Take: Augustine as a “Woke” Philosopher

41:02 Closing Remarks and Teaser for Upcoming Episodes

Key Topics & Takeaways

• The City of God vs. The City of Man: Augustine contrasts the eternal city, characterized by humility and peace, with the temporal city, marked by pride and ambition.
• Just War Theory: Augustine introduces the foundations of just war, grappling with the ethics of violence and the role of Christian soldiers.
• Defending the Faith: Augustine rebuts pagan claims that Christianity caused Rome’s downfall, using history, rhetoric, and theology to dismantle their arguments.
• Raising the Status of Women: Augustine’s revolutionary stance on women’s honor challenges Roman values, laying the groundwork for modern ideas of equality.
• Critique of Empire: Augustine critiques Rome’s imperial ambition, arguing that smaller, peaceful nations are preferable to empires built on constant warfare.

Questions & Discussion

• What does Augustine mean by the City of Man and the City of God?
  Discuss the implications of Augustine’s dual framework for understanding human society and divine order.
• How does Augustine’s background shape his views in City of God?
  Reflect on how his journey from a Romanized African upbringing to a Christian bishop informs his critiques of Rome and its values.
• What is the relevance of City of God to modern discussions of war and justice?
  Explore Augustine’s contributions to just war theory and how they inform ethical debates today.
• Why does Augustine reject Rome’s honor culture?
  Analyze his defense of women’s dignity and his critique of Roman violence as incompatible with Christian values.

Suggested Reading

• City of God by St. Augustine

Description

In this episode of Hot Takes on the Classics, Emily Maeda and Tim McIntosh delve into Plutarch’s Parallel Lives, exploring the contrasting characters of Alcibiades, the charming yet treacherous Athenian, and Coriolanus, the unyielding Roman general. Through their discussion, the hosts unpack Plutarch’s moral philosophy, the timeless appeal of his storytelling, and the lessons these historical figures offer about pride, betrayal, and human nature. Tim’s hot take challenges our perceptions: Would Alcibiades’ charisma make him more likable than Coriolanus’ rigid pride if we met them in real life?

Show Guide

00:00 Opening Remarks and Episode Overview

01:06 Who Was Plutarch? A Moral Historian

04:18 The Art of Biography: Why Plutarch’s Stories Resonate

06:44 Alcibiades: The Flamboyant Turncoat of Athens

12:36 Coriolanus: The Proud General of Rome

17:18 Comparing Alcibiades and Coriolanus: Virtue, Pride, and Betrayal

20:52 Historical and Modern Parallels: Are We All Alcibiades?

28:12 Tim’s Hot Take: Why We’d Like Alcibiades More in Real Life

31:06 Closing Remarks and Next Episode Preview

Key Topics & Takeaways

• Plutarch’s Moral Vision: Parallel Lives provides more than historical accounts; it offers reflections on the moral and philosophical lessons from the lives of great men.
• Alcibiades’ Charisma and Betrayals: Alcibiades’ charm and adaptability allowed him to switch allegiances—from Athens to Sparta—making him a compelling but controversial figure.
• Coriolanus’ Unyielding Pride: Coriolanus embodied steadfast principles but alienated both allies and enemies with his rigid pride, ultimately leading to his downfall.
• Philosophy Meets Politics: Plutarch’s Middle Platonism and Stoicism inform his portraits of these figures, emphasizing the virtues and flaws of human ambition.
• Tim’s Hot Take: Despite their flaws, Alcibiades’ charisma might win us over in real life, while Coriolanus’ pride would make him insufferable.

Questions & Discussion

• How does Plutarch’s writing style enhance the appeal of Parallel Lives?
  Explore how anecdotes and comparisons bring moral and philosophical lessons to life.
• What makes Alcibiades and Coriolanus compelling historical figures?
  Examine their contrasting leadership styles and how their flaws shaped their legacies.
• How does Plutarch’s philosophical background influence his portrayal of these figures?
  Discuss the role of Middle Platonism and Stoicism in framing the virtues and vices of great leaders.
• Why do modern readers still find Alcibiades and Coriolanus relevant?
  Reflect on the timeless nature of their struggles with pride, betrayal, and ambition.
• Which lessons from Parallel Lives are most applicable to modern leadership?
  Consider how Plutarch’s insights into character and virtue guide today’s leaders.

Suggested Reading

• Parallel Lives by Plutarch
• Shakespeare’s Coriolanus

Description

In this episode of Hot Takes on the Classics, Tim McIntosh and Emily Maeda analyze Sun Tzu’s The Art of War, a foundational text in strategic thought. Written during China’s Zhou Dynasty, the book offers timeless insights into warfare, leadership, and human conflict. The hosts discuss Sun Tzu’s emphasis on victory without battle, his Taoist perspective on war, and the text’s widespread influence—from military strategy to modern business. Tim’s hot take explores the ethical complexities of wars between unequal powers, where smaller forces often innovate and subvert traditional rules to challenge dominant forces.

Show Guide

00:00 Opening Quote and Episode Introduction

01:12 Why The Art of War Belongs in a Western-Focused Series

03:00 Sun Tzu’s Enduring Influence in Sports, Business, and Culture

06:01 Key Aphorisms and Strategic Principles from The Art of War

10:13 Sun Tzu’s Historical Context and the Zhou Dynasty’s Decline

14:00 The Story of Sun Tzu and the King’s Concubines

16:50 The Evolution of Chivalry and Moral Codes in Warfare

25:20 Sun Tzu’s Taoist Philosophy and the Harmony of War

29:25 The Necessity of Deception and the Value of Swift Victory

31:30 Tim’s Hot Take: The Ethical Dilemmas of Unequal Powers in Warfare

34:28 Episode Wrap-Up and Closing Remarks

Key Topics & Takeaways

• Victory Without Battle: Sun Tzu asserts that the highest form of victory is achieved through strategy and diplomacy, avoiding bloodshed.
• Deception as Strategy: Sun Tzu champions deception as central to warfare, challenging traditional notions of honor and morality in conflict.
• Unequal Powers and Subversion: Tim examines how smaller powers innovate and undermine established rules of war, raising moral and ethical questions.
• Sun Tzu’s Taoist Perspective: Rooted in Taoist principles, Sun Tzu views war as a disruption of natural harmony and advocates for its use only as a last resort.
• Modern Applications: From military tactics to corporate strategy, The Art of War continues to inspire leaders across disciplines.

Questions & Discussion

• What does Sun Tzu mean by “The greatest victory is that which requires no battle”?
  Reflect on how Sun Tzu’s philosophy prioritizes diplomacy, strategy, and foresight over physical conflict.
• How does deception redefine traditional moral codes in warfare?
  Discuss Sun Tzu’s argument for deception as a core strategy and its ethical implications.
• Why do smaller powers subvert established rules in warfare?
  Explore Tim’s hot take on the challenges of asymmetrical warfare and its impact on the ethics of war.
• What makes The Art of War relevant beyond the battlefield?
  Analyze how its principles apply to leadership, business, and other competitive arenas.

Suggested Reading

• The Art of War by Sun Tzu
• The Peloponnesian War by Thucydides
• On War by Carl von Clausewitz

Description

In this episode of Hot Takes on the Classics, Emily Maeda and Tim McIntosh examine Julius Caesar’s Gallic Wars, an essential work of Latin literature that chronicles Caesar’s military campaigns in Gaul. The hosts discuss Caesar’s writing style, the strategic brilliance behind his conquests, and the controversies surrounding his actions, including accusations of genocide. Emily shares her hot take, defending the value of reading Gallic Wars despite its troubling content, highlighting its historical significance and the clarity of Caesar’s Latin prose.

Show Guide

00:00 Opening Lines and Episode Introduction

01:06 Why Gallic Wars Is Central to Latin Studies

04:21 Julius Caesar’s Historical Context

06:44 Roman Values in Gallic Wars

09:23 Caesar’s Military Brilliance and Leadership Style

12:43 The Spartan Influence in Caesar’s Writing

17:00 Ethnography and Geography in Gallic Wars

20:34 Controversies: Genocide or Exaggeration?

28:42 Caesar’s Failed Expeditions to Britain

35:47 Emily’s Hot Take: Why We Should Still Read Gallic Wars

38:18 Closing Remarks and Next Episode Preview

Key Topics & Takeaways

• Clarity and Precision in Caesar’s Writing: Caesar’s use of simple, direct Latin makes Gallic Wars a cornerstone of Latin studies, praised for its elegance and accessibility.
• Caesar as a Leader and Strategist: From sending away horses to fight alongside his men to his innovative military tactics, Caesar’s leadership remains legendary.
• Ethnography and Propaganda: The text blends cultural observations with self-promotion, portraying the Gauls as fierce adversaries to elevate Caesar’s achievements.
• Historical Controversy: The Gallic Wars faces criticism for glorifying violence and conquest, with modern scholars debating whether it constitutes an account of genocide.
• The Value of Reading Gallic Wars: Emily argues that studying the text helps us grapple with uncomfortable historical realities and appreciate its literary and rhetorical brilliance.

Questions & Discussion

• How does Caesar’s writing style enhance the impact of Gallic Wars?
  Discuss the clarity and precision of Caesar’s Latin and why it has been central to Latin education for centuries.
• Is Caesar’s portrayal of the Gauls accurate or exaggerated?
  Explore how Caesar’s ethnographic descriptions may serve as propaganda to glorify his conquests.
• How do we reconcile the Gallic Wars with accusations of genocide?
  Examine whether the text reflects historical reality or inflates Caesar’s accomplishments to solidify his legacy.
• Why should modern readers engage with Caesar’s Gallic Wars?
  Consider the text’s literary significance and its value in confronting historical and moral complexities.

Suggested Reading

• The Gallic Wars by Julius Caesar
• Asterix Comic Series
• Tacitus’ Germania

Description

In this episode of Hot Takes on the Classics, Tim McIntosh and Emily Maeda explore Prudentius’ Psychomachia (“The Battle of the Soul”). This groundbreaking Christian allegorical poem reimagines heroism as a spiritual struggle. Written in the late fourth century, the poem depicts virtues and vices as warriors battling within the human soul. Tim and Emily discuss Prudentius’ innovative use of epic poetry, his influence on later literature, and the striking portrayal of virtues as women. Emily’s hot take challenges C.S. Lewis’ critique, arguing that the Psychomachia deserves recognition for its imaginative and moral significance.

Show Guide

00:00 Opening Quote from Psychomachia and Episode Overview

01:12 Emily’s Connection to Prudentius and the Poem’s Historical Context

05:33 Prudentius’ Life, Legacy, and Lesser-Known Works

08:15 Epic Structure and the Battle Within the Soul

10:01 Virtues vs. Vices: The Allegorical Battlefield

15:36 Allegory’s Challenges and Legacy in Western Literature

22:37 Highlights of Key Battles in Psychomachia

29:42 Tim’s Reflections on the Poem’s Continued Relevance

30:56 Emily’s Hot Take: Reassessing C.S. Lewis on Prudentius

36:15 The Role of Women as Virtues in the Psychomachia

36:36 Episode Wrap-Up and Teaser for the Next Discussion

Key Topics & Takeaways

• Spiritual Heroism: Psychomachia redefines heroism, focusing on internal battles against sin rather than external conquests, aligning with Christian ideals.
• The Power of Allegory: By personifying virtues (e.g., Faith, Patience, Sobriety) and vices (e.g., Lust, Wrath, Pride) as warriors, Prudentius dramatizes the soul’s moral struggles in vivid detail.
• Prudentius’ Cultural Legacy: As the first major Christian poet, Prudentius fused classical epic traditions with Christian themes, influencing writers from Dante to John Bunyan.
• Virtues as Women: The Psychomachia portrays virtues as powerful female warriors, offering a bold reinterpretation of heroism.
• Reassessing Lewis’ Critique: Emily challenges C.S. Lewis’ dismissal of the poem as overly literal, asserting that its allegorical style and imaginative depth are foundational to Christian literature.

Questions & Discussion

• How does Psychomachia redefine heroism for a Christian audience?
  Explore how the poem shifts the focus from external conquests to internal spiritual struggles, emphasizing moral virtue.
• What role does allegory play in Psychomachia?
  Discuss the effectiveness of personifying virtues and vices as warriors and how this approach impacts its resonance with modern audiences.
• Why did C.S. Lewis criticize Psychomachia, and is this critique fair?
  Analyze Lewis’ views on the poem’s allegorical nature and Emily’s counterargument about its lasting imaginative and moral power.
• How does Prudentius’ depiction of women as virtues challenge traditional notions of heroism?
  Reflect on the cultural and artistic significance of virtues being portrayed as strong, resilient women.

Suggested Reading

• Psychomachia by Prudentius
• The Spirit of Early Christian Thought by Robert Louis Wilken
• The Virtues and Vices in the Arts by Sean Tucker

Description

In this episode of Hot Takes on the Classics, Tim McIntosh and Emily Maeda delve into Virgil’s Aeneid, a cornerstone of Roman literature. They discuss Aeneas as the embodiment of Roman virtue, the conflict between personal desires and duty, and the dual message of the epic as both a tribute to Roman greatness and a critique of its violent foundations. Tim's hot take centers on the final confrontation between Aeneas and Turnus, exploring whether the poem questions the viability of Rome’s ideals of peace and law when rooted in the ethos of war.

Show Guide

00:00 Introduction to Virgil's Aeneid

00:33 Meet the Hosts: Emily and Tim

01:40 Virgil's Aeneid: An Overview

02:29 Historical Context and Virgil's Motivation

03:49 The Aeneid: Propaganda or Masterpiece?

05:32 The Story of Aeneas Begins

05:57 The Fall of Troy and Aeneas' Journey

09:24 Aeneas' Ancestry and Roman Virtues

16:24 Juno's Wrath and Aeneas' Trials

19:44 Carthage and the Plot Thickens

20:22 Aeneas and Queen Dido's Tragic Love Story

20:59 Juno's Plan and the Lovers' Downfall

22:07 Aeneas' Departure and Dido's Despair

23:42 The Aftermath of Dido's Death

27:03 Aeneas' Journey to Italy and the Underworld

28:46 The Prophecy and Rome's Future

34:10 The Final Battle and Virgil's Message

38:51 Conclusion and Reflections on the Aeneid

Key Topics & Takeaways

• Aeneas as the Ideal Roman: Aeneas represents pietas, a virtue that embodies duty to family, gods, and country, yet this devotion demands great personal sacrifice.
• Love vs. Duty: The tragic love affair between Aeneas and Dido underscores the conflict between personal desire and the demands of destiny, highlighting the cost of loyalty to duty.
• Rome’s Ideals and Warrior Ethos: The epic’s final battle between Aeneas and Turnus exposes a paradox: the Roman claim to peace and law is rooted in relentless violence, as Aeneas’ actions fall short of his father’s vision of clemency.
• Virgil’s Critique: Although commissioned as imperial propaganda, the Aeneid transcends its origins, subtly challenging the moral contradictions of Roman greatness.

Questions & Discussion

• How does Aeneas embody the Roman virtue of pietas?
  Explore how Aeneas’ unwavering commitment to duty shapes his character, even as it leads to personal and relational sacrifices.
• What does the relationship between Aeneas and Dido reveal about love and duty?
  Discuss how their ill-fated romance reflects the struggle between individual desires and larger responsibilities.
• How does Vergil address the contradictions of Roman ideals?
  Analyze the climactic battle between Aeneas and Turnus, questioning whether Rome’s ideals of peace can coexist with its reliance on violent conquest.
• Is the Aeneid propaganda or a critique?
  Examine whether Vergil’s masterpiece fulfills Augustus’ agenda or subtly questions the moral foundations of Rome’s power.

Suggested Reading

• The Aeneid by Virgil (Consider exploring highly regarded translations for a richer experience)

Description

In this episode of Hot Takes on the Classics, Tim McIntosh and Emily Maeda dive into Pericles’ Funeral Oration as recorded by Thucydides in The Peloponnesian War. They discuss the speech's celebration of Athenian democracy, its striking contrast to Spartan culture, and its lessons on leadership and sacrifice. Tim delivers his hot take, claiming that Pericles' Funeral Oration is better read than heard, drawing from his extensive experience as a speechwriter. The episode also explores Athenian values and reflects on the legacy of play as a distinctive Greek contribution.

Show Guide

00:00 Introduction and Opening Quote

01:53 Background on Pericles and the Peloponnesian War

03:42 The Magnificence of Athens and Pericles' Legacy

09:16 The Spartan Ideal: Life and Values

16:55 Comparing Athenian and Spartan Lifestyles

17:48 What Makes an Ideal Warrior

18:12 Pericles’ Funeral Oration: Athenian vs. Spartan Perspectives

19:02 Democracy and the Role of Individual Responsibility in Athens

21:34 The Athenian Admiration for Heroes and Great Leaders

22:30 The Story of Greek Mercenaries and Their Leadership Model

26:57 Greece's Legacy of Play and Its Cultural Significance

30:39 Tim's Hot Take: The Funeral Oration Is Best Read

34:15 Conclusion and Farewell

Key Topics & Takeaways

• Pericles’ Vision of Athens: A focus on Athenian democracy, civic duty, and the harmonious blend of personal freedom with responsibility to the state.
• Athens vs. Sparta: Highlighting the stark differences between Athens' cultural achievements and Sparta's austere way of life, with Pericles making a compelling case for Athenian superiority.
• Leadership and Vision: Pericles presents Athens as a beacon of greatness, encouraging Athenians to aspire to heroic deeds for the good of the city-state.
• The Power of Written Speeches: Tim argues that the depth and philosophical insights of Pericles’ oration are more impactful when read, as the speech prioritizes vision and principle over rhetorical flourish.
• Greek Contribution to Play: The Greeks’ invention of play reflects a unique aspect of their worldview, setting them apart from other ancient cultures.

Questions & Discussion

• What makes Pericles’ Funeral Oration a timeless reflection on democracy and sacrifice?
  Reflect on how Pericles’ speech captures enduring themes of democratic values and the noble sacrifice made by citizens for the greater good.
• How does Pericles inspire Athenians by connecting individual action to the city's greater good?
  Discuss how Pericles links personal contributions to the overarching success and vision of Athens, motivating citizens to aspire to greatness.
• What are the philosophical contrasts between Athenian democracy and Spartan oligarchy?
  Explore the differences in governance, cultural values, and societal structures between Athens and Sparta as articulated by Pericles.
• Why does Tim claim that the oration is more powerful as written text than as spoken rhetoric?
  Analyze Tim’s perspective on the unique impact of reading Pericles' speech, emphasizing the philosophical and reflective nature of the text.
• How does the concept of play underscore the Greek view of life and human potential?
  Examine the cultural importance of play in Greek society and how it reflects their ideals of human flourishing and creativity.

Suggested Reading

• The Peloponnesian War by Thucydides
• The Greek Way by Edith Hamilton
• The Story of the World by Susan Wise Bauer

Description

In this episode of Hot Takes on the Classics, hosts Tim McIntosh and Emily Maeda explore Thucydides' The Peloponnesian War, examining the legendary conflict between Athens and Sparta. They delve into Thucydides’ historical methodology, the moral lessons embedded in his accounts, and his views on leadership and power. Key topics include the differences between Athens and Sparta, the catastrophic Athenian plague, and pivotal speeches that reveal the complexities of war and governance. The episode concludes with a debate on Thucydides’ legacy as a historian and his relevance to modern political thought.

Show Guide

00:00 Introduction to Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War

00:54 Hosts Introduction and Episode Overview

01:56 Thucydides' Approach to History

04:48 The Reputation of Thucydides

07:18 Thucydides' Background and Exile

10:14 The Thucydides Trap and Modern Parallels

15:43 The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War

24:06 Great Generals: Kutuzov and Pericles

25:03 Athens' Plague and Its Impact

27:56 Pericles' Leadership and Legacy

30:14 Thucydides' Historical Perspective

32:42 Cleon vs. Diodotus: Athenian Debates

36:01 Thucydides' Relevance Today

36:35 Hot Take: Thucydides and Modern Historians

43:50 Conclusion and Next Episode Preview

Key Topics & Takeaways

• Athens vs. Sparta: The contrasting approaches to war—Athens as a naval innovator and Sparta as a cautious land-based power—create a prolonged conflict of strategy and attrition.
• The Thucydides Trap: The concept that fear of a rising power often leads to conflict offers timeless lessons for understanding global political tensions, particularly in modern geopolitics.
• The Human Cost of War: The Athenian plague and the moral complexities of prolonged conflict highlight the devastating consequences of war beyond the battlefield.
• Thucydides on Leadership: Through figures like Pericles, Thucydides reveals the qualities of effective leadership while cautioning against decisions driven by haste, anger, or hubris.
• Historical Positivism vs. Subjectivity: Emily and Tim debate whether Thucydides’ love for Athens and participatory perspective enhance or diminish his historical credibility.

Questions & Discussion

• How does the Thucydides Trap apply to today’s geopolitics?
  Discuss the relevance of Thucydides’ insight about the fear of a rising power leading to war, particularly in the context of U.S.-China relations.
• What leadership qualities does Thucydides highlight?
  Examine Pericles’ vision and strategy, contrasting it with the weaknesses of later Athenian leaders, and consider their relevance for modern leadership.
• How does Thucydides balance personal bias and historical accuracy?
  Analyze how his love for Athens shapes his account and whether it enhances or detracts from his credibility as a historian.

Suggested Reading

• The Peloponnesian War by Thucydides
• Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? by Graham Allison (While not directly referenced in the podcast, the concept of the "Thucydides Trap" discussed in the episode connects closely to this book’s exploration of historical patterns of rising and established powers)