According to the Law, a guardian-redeemer (go’el) had the privilege and responsibility of protecting and restoring the rights of a close relative. This included redeeming property, freeing that relative from debt or slavery, and even avenging a relative’s death. Although the verb form of the word is used over one hundred times in Scripture, the book of Ruth gives us the most vivid example.

Today’s passage begins with Ruth threshing the barley she had gleaned (v. 17). Verse 17 emphasizes the amount of grain Ruth had procured—“about an ephah”—enough food for Naomi and Ruth to eat for an entire week. The overwhelming generosity (hesed) of Boaz was demonstrated once again.

Naomi was surprised when Ruth appeared with the ephah of barley and her leftovers from lunch. “Where did you glean today?” she asked (v. 19). But actually, she was more interested in “the man who took notice of [Ruth].” So, Ruth told Naomi about her incredible day, finishing with the man’s name—Boaz. Naomi recognized this name immediately and burst into praise. She pronounced the Lord’s blessing on Boaz. Then she proclaimed: “He has not stopped showing his kindness to the living and the dead” (v. 20). In the Hebrew, the grammatical structure is ambiguous. Was Naomi speaking of the Lord’s kindness or Boaz’s? Perhaps both. Naomi then shared the most important information. This man was a guardian-redeemer (go’el). Boaz had already redeemed Naomi and Ruth from hunger. But this new revelation adds another layer of suspense. What more is to come?

Ruth continued to glean in the field of Boaz about seven more weeks and still “lived with her mother-in-law” (v. 23). Her relationship with Boaz had not yet progressed.

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According to the American Worldview Inventory 2025, the percentage of Americans who believe in the God of the Bible has declined significantly “from 73% in the early 1990s to just 40% today.” Dominating the current cultural landscape is “the practical expression of Syncretism”—handpicking and mixing a variety of beliefs from conflicting worldviews.

What we believe about God matters, and the book of Ruth reveals much about the true character of God. In it we see His hesed love and sovereign salvation plan. Throughout the story of Naomi and Ruth, the Lord is at work—often “behind the scenes”—orchestrating circumstances, arranging timing, and directing people for His redemptive purposes.

So today we look at another important passage where the Apostle Paul describes God’s sovereign role in our salvation. Paul opens his letter to the Ephesian church with a profound call to worship the Lord. He reigns over all and has ordained every detail of our redemption from “before the creation of the world” (v. 4). Before time began, God chose us in Christ “to be holy and blameless in his sight.” His choosing was not random. It was relational. He adopted us as sons and daughters “in love”—another act of hesed—and “in accordance with his pleasure and will” (v. 5).

The theme of God’s sovereignty continues in verse 11. Our adoption comes with an inheritance from the God who “works out everything in conformity with the purpose of his will” (v. 11). Nothing is outside of His control. The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit work together for our salvation. The Father chooses (v. 4). The Son redeems (v. 7). And the Spirit seals (v. 13). We are the beneficiaries of God’s divine love and sovereign grace—not because of our effort, but because of His unchanging will.

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From bringing dinner to a friend who is ill to packing boxes for a ministry such as Feed My Starving Children, there are many ways we can serve others through the gift of food. Providing a meal for someone in need is certainly one of the most tangible ways we can demonstrate hesed to the people in our lives.

As we follow the story of Ruth and Boaz, we see this same type of generosity. When it was time for the midday meal, Boaz called to Ruth, “Come over here” (v. 14). She was likely keeping an appropriate distance until he surprisingly summoned her. The fact that Boaz ate with his workers showed his care for them. And when he invited this foreign stranger to join them, they were likely surprised. In ancient Israel, meals were about more than just filling the stomach. A shared meal was an act of hospitality.

Boaz instructed Ruth to enjoy the bread dipped in wine vinegar. He offered her nothing less than the best. After he served her the roasted grain himself. Ruth “ate all she wanted and had some left over” (v. 14). This detail demonstrates once again Boaz’s extraordinary compassion and generosity.

As Ruth returned to the fields, Boaz continued his care. Hesed upon hesed. First, he ordered his workers to care for Ruth psychologically—not to shame her in any way. Then, he instructed them to pull out extra stalks of grain and leave them for Ruth (vv. 15–16). This treatment would have been an unheard-of blessing.

This incredible scene ends with a simple summary of Ruth’s day. “So Ruth gleaned in the field until evening” (v. 17). This moment is pregnant with irony. Ruth must have been stunned by the extraordinary favor she received from Boaz. But she was still unaware of his full redemptive significance.

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In J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings, Samwise Gamgee demonstrates uncommon devotion to his friend Frodo. Sam sticks by Frodo through their arduous journey, and when his friend is too weak to finish, Samwise carries him up Mount Doom, iconically declaring: “I can’t carry it [the ring] for you, but I can carry you!”

In the book of Ruth, Boaz showed extraordinary care for the young foreign woman who providentially appeared in his fields. In verse 8, Boaz broke his conversation with the foreman and addressed Ruth for the first time—as “daughter,” which was beautifully significant. Despite her foreign status, he saw her as kin.

Some commentators believe that something happened to Ruth during her “rest in the shelter” (v. 7). The harvesters had possibly approached her in an unwelcome way, which drove her to leave. Boaz had to tell her twice not to go (v. 8). He instructed her to stay with his servant girls. The Hebrew word for “stay” is also used in Ruth 1:14 when Ruth was “clinging to” Naomi. It describes joining together in a continuing relationship.

Boaz then laid out a plan for Ruth’s ongoing care, offering her extraordinary access to the fields. She was to stick close to the other young women for camaraderie and protection. Boaz warned his workers to leave her alone and gave her special permission to drink water the men had drawn (v. 9).

Ruth was overwhelmed by his generosity. She bowed in humble gratitude and asked him why she should enjoy such favor. Boaz responded with glowing admiration. He had heard of Ruth’s sacrificial loyalty to Naomi, her act of hesed. He asked that Yahweh would repay and reward her kindness. He painted a powerful picture of the Lord’s ultimate protection over Ruth. Under God’s wing she would find refuge (vv. 11–12).

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When an author presents a character, it can be done directly or indirectly. With direct characterization the author tells the audience what the character looks or acts like. With indirect characterization the author shows the audience what a character is like through dialogue and actions.

In chapter 2, we learn more about Boaz and Ruth. Verse 4 begins with the little transitional phrase “just then.” In the Hebrew, it carries a greater connotation than just timing. It denotes the suddenness and coordination that only the providential hand of God could orchestrate. God can work in an instant!

As soon as Boaz arrived, he greeted his workers with a blessing from God, and they called back the same to him (v. 4). This seemingly simple exchange says volumes about the sort of landowner and boss Boaz had been. He had clearly created a positive and respectful work environment, where he was in close communication with his harvesters, and God was revered. Immediately, Boaz noticed an unknown young woman in his field, and he asked his foreman to identify her. Ruth is again identified by her nationality—Moabite—and by her connection to Naomi, a widow (v. 6). These facts also qualified her to reap in the fields.

Then, the foreman described Ruth’s actions, also revealing a great deal about her character (v. 7). She had asked permission to glean behind the reapers, which was a respectful gesture, not required by the Law. Ruth had worked hard all day, “except for a short rest in the shelter.” The meaning of this final phrase is difficult to interpret. Given the entire context, some commentators believe that during this rest some other workers had accosted Ruth. We will explore this possibility in the coming days.

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When a new character enters a story, the author must decide what information to share. Excessive back story could detract from the overall narrative. But sharing too little could leave the audience confused. Strategic details are needed, so the new character fits effectively into the plot.

In Ruth chapter 2, another key character, Boaz, is introduced with important descriptors. First, he is described in relationship to Naomi as “a relative on her husband’s side.” Then, it is emphasized that he was “from the clan of Elimelek.” In ancient Israel, the “clan” was the most important grouping in the social structure, and this relationship will become necessary for him to function as a guardian-redeemer. In addition, this new character was “a man of standing” (v. 1). This phrase denotes strength, capability, and wealth. He is a man of status and character: Boaz.

Suddenly, the scene shifts back to the women (v. 2). Ruth is again described as a Moabitess. The author continues to remind his audience of her foreign, vulnerable state. Ruth asked Naomi for permission to go into the fields and glean. Although the Law allowed the poor, aliens, widows, and orphans to do this, they were not always accommodated in reality. Hence, Ruth hoped to glean in the fields of someone who would benevolently allow it (v. 2).

It is interesting that Ruth took the initiative. Naomi was likely still absorbed in her bitterness since she gave only a simple approval. So, Ruth went out to glean. In the Hebrew, the phrase “as it turned out” literally means “her chance chanced” (v. 3). Both the noun and the verb, forms of the same word, are used to communicate that the opposite of “chance” is at work. Rather, a sovereign God was directing the lives of Ruth, Naomi, and Boaz in His gracious providence

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In his book Inexpressible, Michael Card writes, “In the Hebrew mind hesed is always something you do. It is a verb…It is a resonant response to the overwhelming kindness of the God of Exodus 34, who is full of hesed.”

Today, we pause our study of Ruth to look at a striking declaration of the hesed love of God. In Exodus, Moses had communed with the Lord for forty days on Mount Sinai (chapters 16–33). During that time, God gave Moses the Ten Commandments and instructions for construction of the tabernacle. While Moses was gone, however, the Israelites grew impatient. They doubted Moses would return, so they begged his brother Aaron to make a golden calf for them to worship (32:1). When Moses returned and saw their idolatry, he broke the tablets into pieces (32:19). Moses confronted Aaron and called the people to repentance. Then, he pled with the Lord on the people’s behalf. God called the people “stiff-necked” and struck them with a plague. But eventually, the people mourned (33:4) and worshiped (33:10). And God called Moses back to the mountain (34:1–2).

This was another private encounter between Moses and the Lord. Not even the animals would witness the exchange (34:3). And when the Lord descended in a cloud to meet Moses, He revealed more about His character—specifically His hesed compassion and grace, forgiveness and faithfulness. The people’s sin did not change His love.

Even so, the Lord explained, sin would be punished (34:7). When Moses asked for additional evidence of God’s presence, God promised to reveal His wonders and drive out their enemies (34:10–11). In return, He asked for their uncompromising devotion (34:11–14).

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There are many stories where the protagonist returns home after a long time away, such as The Count of Monte Cristo, Jane Eyre, The Lord of the Rings. In each, the main character comes back changed. But the hero’s motive for returning is different, as is the reception he or she receives.

This final scene of Ruth 1 opens with the women of Bethlehem welcoming Naomi home. The entire town was “stirred” and surprised by Naomi’s return. They were thrilled to have her back! The women said to one another: “Can this be Naomi?” (v. 19), a rhetorical question that carried the force of an exclamation. Naomi responded with sarcasm and accusations. She ordered the women to stop calling her “Naomi,” meaning “beautiful, pleasant, and good” (v. 20). In Hebrew thought, a person’s name was indicative of their character, so Naomi denied her name—twice (vv. 20–21). Instead, she demanded to be called “Mara” or “bitter.”

Even more concerning was Naomi’s accusation against the Lord. First, she blamed the Almighty for making her life “very bitter” (v. 20). The Hebrew word for “bitter” describes great anguish over one’s circumstance. Job made a similar declaration: “the Almighty, who has made my life bitter” (Job 27:2). Next, Naomi contrasted her “full” state when she left Bethlehem with her “empty” condition now. But her family left Bethlehem during a famine, so they could not have been physically full. Rather, she had been full emotionally, and spiritually.

Even though there was food again in Bethlehem, Naomi felt empty and alone. She even failed to acknowledge Ruth as she hurled her accusations at the Lord. The author reminds the audience of Ruth’s presence though—and the Lord’s provision of the harvest (v. 22). Naomi is not, in fact, empty at all.

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