In this episode, we explore the contrasting memories of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact across Eastern and Western Europe, examining how this pivotal event continues to shape European identity. We delve into the pact’s far-reaching impact on countries like Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, the Baltic States, and Finland, bringing personal stories and historical insights to the forefront. The episode also looks at how the Soviet Union—and later Russia—navigated and reshaped the narrative around the pact, concluding with the ongoing challenges of creating a shared European historical memory.

Key Points:

Divergent Memories: The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact holds vastly different meanings across Europe. While Western Europe often views it as a precursor to World War II, Eastern and Central Europeans see it as the moment that ignited the war, with both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union bearing equal blame.

The Secret Protocol: This hidden agreement carved Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence, a fact that Western memory often overlooked. This selective remembrance shows how historical narratives can be manipulated.

Poland’s Struggle: Poland, the first victim of the pact, faced brutal invasions from both Germany and the Soviet Union, leaving deep scars on the nation’s memory and identity.

Belarus’s Perspective: Belarus remains attached to the Soviet interpretation of the pact as a “reunification,” a view that has drawn criticism from neighboring countries like Poland.

Ukraine’s Shift: Since Russia’s 2014 invasion of Crimea, Ukraine has re-evaluated its history, now recognizing the pact’s devastating consequences and holding both Stalin and Hitler accountable.

The Baltic States’ Fight: Annexed by the Soviet Union after the pact, the Baltic States endured decades of oppression. Their struggle for independence culminated in the historic Baltic Way demonstration in 1989.

Finland’s Complex History: Finland, though not annexed, suffered territorial losses and endured the Winter War due to the pact. Their history reflects a nuanced relationship with both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.

Moldova and Romania’s Wounds: The Soviet annexation of Bessarabia, facilitated by the pact, left a lasting impact on the collective memories of Moldova and Romania, shaping their identities to this day.

Russia’s Reinterpretation: Initially, the Soviet Union denied the existence of the pact’s secret protocols. Under Putin, however, Russia has reframed the pact as a strategic necessity, even displaying the original documents in a 2019 exhibition.

The EU’s Role: The entry of Eastern and Central European countries into the EU brought their diverse memories of the pact into the European political dialogue. The establishment of August 23 as a day of remembrance sparked debates on how to collectively honor the victims of totalitarian regimes.

Today, tomorrow:

The memory of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact continues to shape Europe’s identity and politics. The challenge lies in crafting a shared historical narrative that respects the varied experiences of all European nations. This episode is a reminder of the importance of honest historical reflection in building a united European future.

Featured Voices:

Historian Roger Moorhouse

Personal stories from those impacted by the pact

Quotes from historical figures and media sources

Further Reading/Listening:

The Devil’s Alliance: Hitler’s Pact with Stalin by Roger Moorhouse

Articles on the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and its impact across Europe

Other episodes of the Beyond Berlin podcast

For more materials and the full script of this episode, visit:

beyondberlin.substack.com