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  • 647. What’s Missing From the Modern Education System with Susan Wise Bauer
    2026/05/01

    Susan Wise Bauer is a prolific author, former instructor at the College of William and Mary, and classical education expert. Her books include, The History of the World series, The Well-Educated Mind: A Guide to the Classical Education You Never Had, Rethinking School: How to Take Charge of Your Child's Education, and most recently, The Great Shadow: A History of How Sickness Shapes What We Do, Think, Believe, and Buy.

    Susan and Greg discuss the mismatches between institutional schooling and how kids learn, the historical context in which the U.S. education system was created, and practices for cultivating deeper learning, whether it be in a homeschool environment or reading for enjoyment. They also dive into Susan’s latest book, The Great Shadow, and explore how historical experiences of sickness have shaped daily life, persistent health beliefs, and current tensions between vaccines and wellness rhetoric.

    *unSILOed Podcast is produced by University FM.*

    Episode Quotes:

    The education system mismatch

    04:49: The thing about this system is it actually worked really, really well. It did what it was supposed to do for over a hundred years, which was assimilate immigrant children, teach them how to speak English, teach them how to read, teach them how to write, teach them civic virtues, teach them the Pledge of Allegiance, all of these American things. The problem is that, you know, a hundred, 150 years on, 200 years on, that regimented system simply doesn't suit a good number of the students who are sort of marshaled into it and run through it anymore than every 18-year-old would do well in Army basic training. Some of them would do great, but some of them, it's just not going to fit. And that's the challenge that we now face with our current K-12 system.

    Books makes us human

    25:26: If we lose books, we are going to lose part of what makes us human and what has made us human since the invention of writing. We're going to lose a huge element of our evolution as people if we lose books.

    We need to create space where reading is just for fun

    32:22: So I do see parents wanting to push kids into harder reading too early, without them realizing that if they want kids to enjoy books, then they have got to make a space in the kid's life to read things that are too easy, because that's when we enjoy ourselves—when we're doing something that is not straining every mental muscle that we have. So we do need to create also this space where reading is just for fun.

    Show Links:

    Recommended Resources:

    • Montessori education
    • Mortimer J. Adler
    • Spontaneous generation
    • Wishbone (TV series)
    • Miasma theory

    Guest Profile:

    • Professional Website
    • Profile on Instagram

    Guest Work:

    • The Great Shadow: A History of How Sickness Shapes What We Do, Think, Believe, and Buy
    • The History of the World Series
    • The Well-Educated Mind: A Guide to the Classical Education You Never Had
    • The Well-Trained Mind: A Guide to Classical Education at Home
    • Rethinking School: How to Take Charge of Your Child's Education

    Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

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    51 分
  • 646. The Economics of Life & Being Human with Pablo A. Peña
    2026/04/29

    How can economic science help you decide which college to attend, or how many children to have, or even who to marry?

    Pablo A. Peña is an associate instructional professor of economics at the University of Chicago and the author of Human Capital for Humans: An Accessible Introduction to the Economic Science of People. In the book, he applies economist Gary Becker’s human capital theory to everyday things like parenting, housework, marriage, and aging.

    Pablo and Greg discuss why human capital has long been an overlooked field in economics, how it shows up in household production, parenting tradeoffs between time and money, fertility’s quantity vs. quality tradeoff, and how AI could be shifting valuable human capital skills toward critical thinking, creativity, and adaptability.

    *unSILOed Podcast is produced by University FM.*

    Episode Quotes:

    Firms, households and human capital

    25:43: Households are like little firms, but they don't produce stuff that they sell in the market. They produce experiences that they themselves consume. So if you think about it, it's very complicated to have all the members of a family sitting at the same time, right, to have a meal that must be nicely served at that specific point, maybe listening to nice music, maybe it's complicated. The efficient thing to do will be everybody fend for themselves in whatever you can, whenever you can. But no, we want that 'cause it's the experience that we produce. Now you need a CEO and a COO and whatever in a household because you want these things to happen. Somebody has to organize the production processes, production of experiences. Human capital helps in that process. So the more human capital a person or multiple people in a household have, the better that production process can occur, the more productive they can be.

    Human capital vs. other forms of capital

    10:08: Human capital can be developed, its formation responds to incentives, it appreciates, and so on. And because of its asymmetries with other forms of capital, we typically think there may be a problem of underinvestment. That is, for instance, a very consequential difference when we think human capital versus other forms of capital.

    Why investing in yourself is fundamentally different

    10:48: If I go to the bank and I say, "Hey, I want to get more skills. I want to learn how to do this or that, and I'm going to leave you my brain as collateral, or you can possess it." Obviously, that's not something that can happen. So that means there's an asymmetry, and you and I at this stage upon lives, and I assume we're not that different in terms of age, but when we are, say, late teens or maybe twenties, we may have had that idea if I only could get the money to invest itself.

    Show Links:

    Recommended Resources:

    • Gary Becker
    • Simon Kuznets
    • Adam Smith
    • Sam Walton
    • Thomas Robert Malthus

    Guest Profile:

    • Faculty Profile at University of Chicago
    • Professional Website
    • Professional Profile on LinkedIn

    Guest Work:

    • Human Capital for Humans: An Accessible Introduction to the Economic Science of People

    Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

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    58 分
  • 645. Making Money Work: Banks, Capital Theory, and the Fed’s Blind Spot with Steve H. Hanke
    2026/04/27
    Steve H. Hanke is a Professor of Applied Economics and Founder and Co-Director of the Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise at Johns Hopkins University in the Whiting School of Engineering. He is also the author and co-author of several books on economics. His latest title is called Making Money Work: How to Rewrite the Rules of Our Financial System. Greg and Steve discuss why macroeconomics sidelines banks and money creation. Steve argues macro should rest on the Quantity Theory of Money and Capital Theory, including “waiting” as a factor of production with interest as its price, and criticizes the profession for abandoning these foundations. He contrasts GDP with gross output and links Fisher’s MV=PT to intermediate transactions, then explains why commercial banks create money via lending while investment banks intermediate savings, and why regulation (capital and reserves) matters more than the federal funds rate. Steve critiques universal banking for siphoning capacity from deposit-taking lending, faults the Fed for ignoring broad money measures, discusses Divisia aggregates and Volcker-era measurement errors, and applies quantity theory to post-COVID inflation. Hanke also summarizes his meta-analysis finding that lockdowns saved few lives, describes censorship and publication hurdles, reflects on theory-empirics and the disappearance of the history of thought, and recounts policy, currency board, and trading experiences. *unSILOed Podcast is produced by University FM.* Episode Quotes: On the failure to distinguish between market intermediation and bank intermediation 19:30: Most people think that banks intermediate savings, and that's not really what banks do. Investment banks do that, and other financial institutions do that. But if you have a pool of savings, that goes through investment banking and not commercial deposit-taking banking...[19:59] Let's make it very simple—the savings end up at investment banks, and they go into bankable projects. The savings are intermediated; that's how it goes. It doesn't go through a commercial bank, basically. So what do commercial banks do? They fund bankable projects, but they do it by creating money out of thin air. The beauty of the fractional reserve banking system is just that. ​​The two key legs macroeconomics stands on 08:09: It's capital theory and the quantity theory of money. Those are the two key legs that macroeconomics stands on. And those two legs, by the way, they basically aren't taught in economics today. For the last 30 years, the economics profession has basically spent full time destroying macroeconomics, in my view. The quantity theory of money, in simple terms 31:29: The quantity theory of money, in simple terms, is you change the quantity theory of money significantly, and with a lag asset prices will change. And then, with a little longer lag, real economic activity will change. And then, with a longer lag of maybe 12 to 24 months, inflation will change. Show Links: Recommended Resources: MacroeconomicsQuantity theory of moneyCapital (economics)Federal ReserveFriedrich HayekJohn Maynard KeynesLeland B. YeagerJohn HicksMark SkousenIrving FisherFederal funds rateMilton FriedmanPaul VolckerJonas Herby Google Scholar PageSpanish fluKenneth BouldingCurrency boardGeoeconomicsJay Bhattacharya - Lockdowns and Lessons: The Pandemic Retrospective | UnSILOed Ep 427 Guest Profile: Faculty Profile at Johns Hopkins Whiting School of EngineeringLinkedIn ProfileWikipedia ProfileProfile for the Mises InstituteSocial Profile on X Guest Work: Amazon Author PageMaking Money Work: How to Rewrite the Rules of Our Financial SystemCapital, Interest, and Waiting: Controversies, Puzzles, and New Additions to Capital TheoryRussian Currency and Finance: A Currency Board Approach to ReformCurrency Boards for Developing Countries: A HandbookMonetary reform for a free Estonia: A currency board solutionFortune Articles Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.
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    1 時間 12 分
  • 644. Reclaiming Joy from Screens and Ultra-Processed Foods with Michaeleen Doucleff
    2026/04/24

    What if reducing screen time or eating less processed food didn’t feel like deprivation, but rather it was the key to unlocking more joy and excitement in our lives?

    Michaeleen Doucleff, PhD, is a correspondent for NPR’s Science Desk, where she reports on mental health, nutrition, psychology and neuroscience. She’s also the author of Hunt, Gather, Parent: What Ancient Cultures Can Teach Us About the Lost Art of Raising Happy, Helpful Little Humans and her latest, Dopamine Kids: A Science-Based Plan to Rewire Your Child's Brain and Take Back Your Family in the Age of Screens and Ultraprocessed Foods.

    Greg and Michaeleen discuss how many products are engineered to create bottomless, non-closure experiences that leave users feeling drained. They also unpack how the dopamine system in our brains really works, and go over practical tips to reduce reliance on screens and ultraprocessed foods that lead to happier, more fulfilling lives.

    *unSILOed Podcast is produced by University FM.*

    Episode Quotes:

    Why more desire doesn’t mean more satisfaction

    09:09: Here's the thing: pleasure. And this is how the system is supposed to work, right? Dopamine triggers desire, wanting, motivation, willingness to work. A lot of scientists will tell you its willingness to work, right? How hard an animal will work for something. And this makes us go, want, desire, want more, want more, want more. But when you actually trigger the pleasure center, the hedonic hotspots, as they're called, you stop wanting, you feel satisfied, you feel you're done.

    What if parenting isn’t about taking things away?

    04:14: Dopamine Kids is really about creating a culture where you're not just taking things from kids or taking things from your family, but you're actually inviting kids to discover better things in their lives.

    Why kids actually enjoy effort

    19:17: What I think parents don't understand is it's pleasurable to work. Kids find it pleasurable to work, and they want to. And I'm not talking about doing things that they don't like and they hate, right? Or they feel really like they have to. But working on something that you are excited about and that you feel some sort of innate drive to do—this is very pleasurable for people, including children. And actually, that's the way the system is. The dopamine system is evolved to work, right? It triggers wanting, desire for something, and then working to get it. And then the pleasure comes after working and the satisfaction.

    Show Links:

    Recommended Resources:

    • Hunt, Gather, Parent feat. Michaeleen Doucleff | unSILOed
    • Natasha Dow Schüll
    • B. J. Fogg
    • What You Have in Common With a Pigeon and Why It’s Causing Problems for You by Michaeleen Doucleff | New York Times
    • https://michaeleendoucleff.com/dopamine-kids-resources/

    Guest Profile:

    • Professional Website
    • Correspondent Profile for NPR

    Guest Work:

    • Dopamine Kids: A Science-Based Plan to Rewire Your Child's Brain and Take Back Your Family in the Age of Screens and Ultraprocessed Foods
    • Hunt, Gather, Parent: What Ancient Cultures Can Teach Us About the Lost Art of Raising Happy, Helpful Little Humans

    Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

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    59 分
  • 643. In a Good Place: How Built Environments Shape Agency, Wellbeing, and Behavior with Leidy Klotz
    2026/04/22
    How has the new understanding of broken-windows theory helped to reinforce the importance of community ownership? How do built environments also transmit cultural messages? What does good workplace design actually look like? Leidy Klotz is a professor of engineering, architecture, and a behavioral scientist. He’s also the author of three books: Subtract: The Untapped Science of Less, Sustainability through Soccer: An Unexpected Approach to Saving Our World, and the latest, In a Good Place: How the Spaces Where We Live, Work, and Play Can Help Us Thrive. Greg and Leidy discuss Leidy’s new book on how the spaces where people live, work, and play affect wellbeing, behavior, and thriving, and why research on the mind–environment intersection remains fragmented across psychology, engineering, architecture, and HR. They discuss habituation and inattention (people missing what should be easily noticeable features like a fire extinguisher or UVA’s Memorial Gym), subconscious environmental impacts (noise stress, off-gassing), and the human need for agency through personalizing spaces, with examples from offices, nursing homes, refugee housing, and Mandela’s prison garden. *unSILOed Podcast is produced by University FM.* Episode Quotes: Why are humans designed to shape their surroundings 11:53: We talked before about, you know, kind of like these robust ideas from psychology, and one of the most robust is this need for agency, right? The need to have a say in our surroundings. And, you know, if you say, “Where does it come from?” The farthest back. It’s like our ancestors roaming around without shelter were more likely to survive if they felt compelled to interact with their surroundings, to make their surroundings more habitable to themselves. Right? And so, if you thought about it, you were pulled psychologically to rear range things or to, you know, move things around to keep the weather away or to keep predators away, you were more likely to survive. And so, that need to interact with our surroundings, right? And now you can get that in a bunch of ways. You can get agency by going to a meeting, but it is still there in that kind of original interaction with our surroundings. Novelty vs. nostalgia 24:26: Novelty is never going to be more than at the beginning. And so, the things that you like about novelty are going to decrease. And then the things that you like about nostalgia are going to increase over time. And so, I think it's just something to really pay close attention to in our surroundings, because it's pretty easy to just go for the novelty. What is the IKEA effect? 13:34: So the IKEA effect is just exactly like it sounds, right, that people build something and that the value that they attribute to the thing is like the material value plus their labor value. So, it's certainly related, and I think the refugee housing is something that they just saw over and over through trial and error. Was that, when people had some say in the things that they built, they felt more ownership over it? So I'd say the IKEA effect is like you're assigning more value to it. Show Links: Recommended Resources: Environmental PsychologyMethod of LociEllen LangerIKEA EffectHabitat for HumanityBroken Windows TheoryEudaimoniaDacher KeltnerUnSILOed #140: Leidy Klotz - The Art of Subtraction Guest Profile: LeidyKlotz.comFaculty Profile at the University of VirginiaLinkedIn ProfileWikipedia Page Guest Work: Amazon Author PageIn a Good Place: How the Spaces Where We Live, Work, and Play Can Help Us ThriveSubtract: The Untapped Science of LessSustainability through Soccer: An Unexpected Approach to Saving Our WorldGoogle Scholar Page Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.
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    54 分
  • 642. Roger Spitz on Future-Readiness: A Call to Adaptability
    2026/04/20
    How did working with first-principles thinking allow SpaceX to maneuver nimbly past established aerospace giants? What are the limits of prediction and scenario models under “deep uncertainty,” and how can we apply them to AI’s potential effects on society? Roger Spitz is a futurist, the president of Techistential, and the author of several books. His latest titles are Disrupt With Impact: Achieve Business Success in an Unpredictable World and the four-volume series of The Definitive Guide to Thriving on Disruption: Volume I - Reframing and Navigating Disruption. Greg and Roger discuss ‘Techistential,’ named from “tech existentialism,” an agency-focused philosophy for being human in a technological world where algorithms increasingly share decision-making. They argue modern education, governance, and incentives are built for a linear, predictable world, causing people and organizations to seek certainty, delegate judgment to machines, and de-skill. Roger considers resilience in contrast with Taleb’s “anti-fragility,” emphasizing systems that benefit from shocks by avoiding single points of failure, embracing mistakes as data, and maintaining slack. *unSILOed Podcast is produced by University FM.* Episode Quotes: Foresight isn’t about making better predictions. [54:25] Personally, I think if you take foresight or future studies as making better predictions, I think that is the wrong approach, because I think there are probably ways, and there’s some great colleagues, you know, Philip Tetlock and others who write about this topic. I think that for uncertainty, not deep uncertainty, where there are a range of right answers and et cetera, I think that they always are probably making better predictions so that's what Polymarket and these prediction markets help with, right? But in deep uncertainty, which is completely unpredictable, I think that's where foresight is best. Is technology giving us less agency? [03:51] It's an interesting word and it's an interesting question, you know, the meaning of agency. And then the question about whether technology is giving us less agency. My starting point is to, sort of, think about one or two things. So the first one is I’m coming from a filter of systemic change or systemic disruption and unpredictability. I believe the world is not only non-linear, complex, unpredictable, and uncontrollable, but that the cost of relying on the assumption of predictability, linearity, et cetera, is increasing.-( cost in the broader sense.) So in that sense, disruption and change is actually not necessarily a negative, because I think that if things were predictable, things will be predetermined, you'd have no agency. So from a philosophical perspective, you could argue that it is thanks to uncertainty that you can exercise agency as the opposite best spectrum of predetermination. Fragile vs anti-fragile [23:50] Roger Spitz: One of the biggest distinctions between fragile and anti-fragile is that in fragile, which is actually most organizations, you hate mistakes. You hate errors. Not only that, but you have incentives to make sure you don't make mistakes. [24:05] Greg LaBlanc: And if you do have, you disguise them. [24:06] Roger Spitz: If you do have them, you disguise them. Why is that? It's because basically you're fragile. So if there were mistakes, they could have a significant cost. Anti-fragility loves a mistake. Because what is mistake? It's data. It's emergent; it's a discovery process. It's trial and error. You might discover something new. You're going to respond to that in a way. Show Links: Recommended Resources: Shoshin - Beginner’s MindNassim Nicholas TalebAntifragileViasatZoomSpaceXFirst Principle“Move fast and break things” Guest Profile: Disruptive Futures ProfileProfile on LinkedInProfile on Techistential.aiProfile on World Economic Forum Guest Work: Amazon Author PageDisrupt With Impact: Achieve Business Success in an Unpredictable WorldThe Definitive Guide to Thriving on Disruption: Volume I - Reframing and Navigating Disruption (4 Volume Series)Google Scholar Page Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.
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    58 分
  • 641. How to Become an Expert in Conflict with Amy Gallo
    2026/04/16

    Even though conflict is something we all instinctively want to avoid, it’s an essential part of a healthy culture. So what can organizations do to ensure they’re not only managing conflict productively but also leveraging it to make the organization stronger?

    Amy Gallo is a contributing editor at Harvard Business Review and author of the books HBR Guide to Dealing with Conflict and Getting Along: How to Work with Anyone (Even Difficult People). Her research and consulting work focuses on how to effectively navigate and even utilize conflict to better your organization.

    Amy and Greg discuss the necessary ingredients for fruitful conflict, the consequences of failing to manage it effectively, and run through some of the most difficult personalities people might face in the workplace and the best strategies for working with them.

    *unSILOed Podcast is produced by University FM.*

    Episode Quotes:

    Why I disagree with you doesn't equate to I hate you

    03:35: Sometimes it feels like saying, “I disagree, Greg,” is the same as saying, “I hate you, Greg.” Right? People find it so offensive; disagreement, conflict is so hurtful, damaging, when actually, if it's done well, it's incredibly productive. We get that sort of friction that you need in an organization to come up with new ideas, to improve the way we work together, to even bond with one another.

    What if ego didn’t get in the way of conflict?

    06:09: Conflicts would be so much easier if no one involved had any ego, which, of course, is not possible. But it's one of the things I try to do when I get involved in a conflict in my work or personal life: think, “Okay, if I wasn't defending my ego right now, how would I think about this problem?” And I think if more people could show up in that way, we'd get through conflicts much, much easier and, really, honestly, with stronger relationships intact.

    Is there an optimal level of conflict?

    02:32: Is there an optimal level of conflict? I've never seen research that says this is the optimal. I think right now, in our current culture, where we are with global politics, with sort of the state of the world, I think the truth is we actually need more conflict in our organizations, on our teams, than we currently have. And so the chances are that the optimal is more than you currently have.

    Show Links:

    Recommended Resources:

    • Reed Hastings
    • Sigal G. Barsade
    • Rebecca Hinds | unSILOed
    • Heidi Grant
    • “An illustrated guide to the six types of difficult coworkers you’ll meet at your first job” | Boston Globe
    • Women at Work podcast

    Guest Profile:

    • Professional Website
    • Professional Profile on LinkedIn

    Guest Work:

    • HBR Guide to Dealing with Conflict
    • Getting Along: How to Work with Anyone (Even Difficult People)

    Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

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    56 分
  • 640. From Ancient Merchants to Modern Markets: Sven Beckert's History of Capitalism
    2026/04/13
    How can you trace capitalism from long-distance merchant networks (including 12th-century Aden) to a modern-day world economy? What are alternative stories to the commonly held Eurocentric view of capitalism’s origins? Sven Beckert is the Laird Bell Professor of History at Harvard University and is also the author of several books. His most recent titles include Capitalism: A Global History, Empire of Cotton: A Global History, and Slavery's Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development. Greg and Sven discuss how Sven sees the history of capitalism, contrasting it with neoliberal-leaning accounts that underplay violence, the state, and capitalism’s global character. He also offers a helpful minimalist definition—privately owned capital productively invested to produce more capital—and argues markets are universal but become central only in capitalism. He dissects the pillars that propped up capitalism through the years, including diverse labor regimes such as slavery and indenture, noting slavery’s major but time-specific role in the Americas, enabled by European power and used to overcome resistance to capitalist transformation. *unSILOed Podcast is produced by University FM.* Episode Quotes: Challenging Eurocentric narratives about capitalism 23:49: Look at the world today. We are living in a world in which no one in their right mind would, A, say, “Okay, we need to only look at the European continent to understand the global economy today.” And B. Nobody would ignore, you know, the history of Asia or Latin America, or even Africa, in telling the history of the global economy today. So, we are entering this debate now at a different vantage point. I am not saying that, you know, scholars a hundred years ago or so had some terribly ill-intentioned thought in their way of looking at this. No, they lived in a different world, and the world looked different to them. But today we are living in a world in which clearly Europe is not at the center of the universe and not at the center of global capitalism. And that now forces us, I think, to not just think differently about the present, but to think differently about the entire history of capitalism. Capitalism is a state of constant growth 49:25: Capitalism is not conservative. Capitalism is the most revolutionary economic civilization ever. It is a state of permanent revolution. No expansion seems to be impossible within that capitalist civilization. I think it goes against its very core, what it is. It is a state of constant growth. It is a state of constant expansion. Capitalism without markets is conceptually unimaginable 05:05: I think capitalism without markets is conceptually unimaginable, and markets, of course, play a very important role in contemporary capitalism. But I think it would be mistaken to define capitalism primarily by the fact that it is a society in which markets regulate all or parts of economic life. Because, as far as I know, I have not yet found a human society which did not know of markets. I have not yet found a human society which did not engage in some forms of trade. So I think these are kind of universal attributes of economic life on planet Earth. But what is not universal is societies in which markets are not just on the margins of economic life, as they are in many, many societies, but really are at the very center of economic life. And this is certainly the case for capitalism. Why is capitalism essential in our lives? 39:13: Capitalism is extremely important to our lives today. It structures the biggest processes that we inhabit, but also the most intimate parts of our lives. And people are having passionate opinions about capitalism. They want to understand how we claim to live in the world in which we live right now. Show Links: Recommended Resources: CapitalismKarl PolanyiFernand BraudelWage LabourSlaveryAdenRobert BrennerKarl MarxIndustrial RevolutionEast India Company Guest Profile: SvenBeckert.comFaculty Profile at Harvard UniversityWikipedia Profile Guest Work: Amazon Author PageCapitalism: A Global HistoryEmpire of Cotton: A Global HistoryAmerican Capitalism: New HistoriesGlobal History, Globally: Research and Practice around the WorldSlavery's Capitalism: A New History of American Economic DevelopmentPlantation Kingdom: The American South and Its Global CommoditiesThe Monied Metropolis: New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850–1896 Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.
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    52 分